FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)
Testing shipping packaging according to ISTA standards
For customers who are interested and want to test · Series 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and Project 3K, 3L · Updated October 4, 2026
Reference translation by ticforall.com. The Vietnamese version published on this site is the authoritative text; in case of any discrepancy, the Vietnamese original prevails.
About this document: Parts A to C follow the text of ISTA Series 1, 2, 3 and 7 procedures; Part D follows retail and e-commerce projects (Series 6, 3K, 3L). Specific testing levels (drop height, compression force, vibration parameters…) may vary according to each version; Always check the current version on www.ista.org before attempting.
Part A. ISTA fundamentals
Question 1. What is ISTA testing and what is it used for?
ISTA (International Safe Transit Association) issues test procedures to evaluate the capabilities of packaged goods withstand common impacts during loading, unloading and transportation such as vibration, impact, and compression. According to the procedure text, testing can be used to:
- Evaluate the protective performance of packaged goods.
- Relative comparison between packaging and product design options.
Products and packaging are always considered together, not evaluated individually. Benefits outlined in the standard: shortened packaging development time and greater confidence when launching products; reduce damage and loss; balance distribution costs; maintain customer satisfaction.
Question 2. How do Series 1, 2, 3 and 7 differ?
| Series | Test type | Main characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Series 1 | Non-Simulation Integrity (basic durability test) | Basic experimental steps, not simulating a specific transport channel. Used to evaluate or compare packaging options. |
| Series 2 | Partial Simulation (partial simulation) | Combines basic Series 1 elements with advanced Series 3 elements. Only simulates some real-life effects and does not necessarily meet carrier packaging regulations. Consideration should be given to international distribution. |
| Series 3 | General Simulation (general simulation) | Simulate a specific distribution channel (delivery, combined truck, whole truck, from distribution center to store…). Test levels are based on general data and are not representative of any particular distribution system. |
| Series 7 | Development (packaging development) | Development tests, may take elements from Series 1, 2 or 3 and may not evaluate cargo protection. Procedure 7D is a temperature test. |
| Series 6 | Member Performance Test (built by ISTA members, Project format) | The protocol was created by ISTA members for their own purposes, tied to a retailer’s distribution system (see Part D). |
Question 3. What is the difference between a procedure and a project?
As noted in the Project documents, ISTA’s new protocol is called Project during the implementation phase. After a minimum of one year and after evaluation, the Project will be converted to Procedure, modified and retained as Project, or discarded. So Project can be modified more frequently than Procedure. ISTA members can use both Procedure and Project to certify packaging. The Series 6, 3K and 3L protocols in Part D are all in Project form.
Question 4. Does passing ISTA testing mean the goods will never be damaged in transit?
No. The procedures clearly state the limits:
- Certain shipping conditions such as humidity, pressure or unusual handling may not be covered.
- Test levels are based on general data and do not necessarily reflect a specific distribution system.
- Series 2 only simulates some real effects.
Therefore, the results should be understood as an assessment of performance under specified test conditions, not as an absolute guarantee.
Question 5. Who decides what counts as a “pass” or as “damage”?
Main shipper. Before testing, the shipper must determine:
- What is damage to the product?
- Allowable level of damage (if any).
- Method for determining product condition after testing.
- Packaging condition is acceptable after testing.
This is the most important information to finalize with the testing laboratory before starting.
Question 6. Does passing ISTA testing replace the mandatory tests for dangerous goods?
No. Procedure 3A clearly states: dangerous goods packaging reaches 3A Not sure yet Meet international or national regulations for transporting dangerous goods. This test does not replace UN testing standards or other mandatory standards, but should only be used as supplementary testing. Likewise, Series 2 does not necessarily comply with carrier packaging regulations.
Question 7. How does ISTA define fragile products?
The definition is in procedure 3A: Fragile Products are items that can easily break when dropped without protective packaging, for example glass, ceramic, porcelain, clay and electronic equipment.
Need to distinguish from Liquids: consists of liquids, semi-liquids or solids that may liquefy at high temperatures (above 70 °F, about 21 °C) and may leak from the primary packaging during transport. A product can be both fragile and liquid, for example a glass bottle containing a solution; then both sets of requirements apply.
Note: In the procedures within the scope of this document, the definition of “fragile goods” is only stated in 3A. ISTA does not set a quantitative threshold for fragility; The acceptable level of damage is determined by the goods owner (see Question 5).
Question 8. Are there specific testing requirements for fragile products?
There are a few points to note, but ISTA Do not increase or decrease the test level just because the goods are fragile:
- The test level does not change according to fragility. At 3A, the drop height and test sequence depend on package mass (under 32 kg, 32 to 70 kg) and package type (standard, small, flat, long). According to the 3A sequence, there are no specific test steps for fragile goods; Separate step available for liquids only (8 hour leak test).
- More samples. 3A requires 1 sample, but due to the inherent variability of packaging and products, ISTA recommends testing fragile goods and liquids. 2 or more models. For all types of packages, ISTA recommends this practice 5 times or more using a new sample to increase statistical significance.
- Damage criteria need to be more clearly defined. The shipper must determine in advance what damage is, the allowable level, how to inspect the product and the acceptable packaging condition. For fragile goods, you should specifically state the types of damage that need to be recorded, for example cracks, chips, breakage or loss of function for electronic equipment.
- The falling direction should prioritize the product’s weak points. In Series 1 and Series 2, the first corner drop is made at the corner of the most fragile face; If you don’t know, try the 2-3-5 angle. At 3A, a drop is made in the most dangerous or damaging flat direction; 3B also has a similar drop for cylindrical packages. So let the testing lab know the weakest side, edge or corner of the product.
- Record packaging configuration. If the outer box is corrugated cardboard, 3A strongly recommends determining and recording the basis weight of the paper layers; When the nominal capacity changes, the test should be retested even though the tank remains at the same load-bearing level.
Regarding procedure selection, fragile goods are still selected according to shipping channel and volume as in Part B. Particularly 3A (delivery) has specific instructions on the number of samples for fragile goods. As with all ISTA tests, a successful result does not guarantee that the product will not deteriorate under uncovered conditions (Question 4). If the item goes through a retailer or e-commerce channel, the definition and model number may be different: see Question 39.
Part B. Choosing the right procedure
Question 9. Which procedure should I choose?
The choice depends mainly on five factors. You just need to answer the following questions, the laboratory will help determine the procedure:
- Are the goods shipped as a single package or a pallet/unit load?
- Package weight (100 lb/45 kg, 150 lb/68 kg, 200 lb/91 kg).
- Shipping channel: delivery (parcel), less-than-truckload (LTL), full truckload (FTL), from distribution center to store, internationally.
- Purpose: basic assessment (Series 1), partial simulation (Series 2) or distribution channel simulation (Series 3).
- Additional requirements: Minimum compression test required, type of vibration (fixed or random), temperature.
Question 10. Is there a summary table of the procedures?
| Code | Series | Applicable subjects | Volume/range |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1A | 1 | Single case; fixed displacement | ≤ 150 lb (68 kg) |
| 1G | 1 | Single case; random vibration (random) | ≤ 150 lb (68 kg) |
| 1C | 1 | Extensive test for single package, with compression (minimum force) | ≤ 150 lb (68 kg) |
| 1B | 1 | Single case; fixed vibration | > 150 lb (68 kg) |
| 1H | 1 | Single case; vibrate randomly | > 150 lb (68 kg) |
| 1D | 1 | Extensive testing for single, compressed packages | > 150 lb (68 kg) |
| 1E | 1 | Unit load (pallet/skid) includes the same type of goods | Not limited to text |
| 2A | 2 | Single package, partial reproduction, international distribution | ≤ 150 lb (68 kg) |
| 2B | 2 | Single package, partial simulation | > 150 lb (68 kg) |
| 2C | 2 | Single items are cabinet furniture (case goods). | According to the written procedure |
| 3A | 3 | Delivery (parcel), including standard, small, flat, long packages | ≤ 70 kg (150 lb) |
| 3B | 3 | Transport by less-than-truckload (LTL), many different types of packages | Grouping ≤ and > 200 lb (91 kg) |
| 3E | 3 | Unit loads retail goods of the same type as whole vehicle (FTL), from factory to distribution center | Unit load |
| 3F | 3 | Single packages on mixed pallets, from distribution center to store | ≤ 100 lb (45 kg) |
| 3H | 3 | Bulk goods used for mechanical handling (e.g. auto parts in reusable racks) | Goods processed by machine |
| 7D | 7 | Temperature testing for shipping packaging | According to product |
Question 11. My goods ship by parcel service. Which procedure applies?
Use ISTA 3A for single packages weighing up to 70 kg sent via courier, air or road. 3A divides four types of packages: standard, small, flat and long; Small is a package with a volume of less than 13,000 cm³, longest side ≤ 350 mm and weight ≤ 4.5 kg. The 3A has an optional low-pressure vibration test (simulated altitude) to check leak-tightness, and a mandatory 8-hour leak test for liquid cargo.
Question 12. My goods move by LTL (less-than-truckload). Which procedure applies?
Use ISTA 3B. LTL is truck transportation in which many types of goods, often from many shippers and to many different places, are placed together in one trip. 3B applies to four groups of packages: standard ≤ 200 lb (91 kg), standard > 200 lb, cylindrical (including long), and packages placed on pallets/skids. Some testing steps (tilt/flip, concentrated impact…) are only required when the package belongs to the corresponding type.
Question 13. Goods shipped as a full pallet, or delivered to retail as a mixed pallet?
- Full vehicle (FTL) from factory to distribution center: use ISTA 3E for unit load including retail products of the same type. 3E also evaluates load stability.
- From distribution center to store, single case on mixed pallet, ≤ 45 kg: use ISTA 3F.
- Unit load needs to be tested at a more basic level: use ISTA 1E.
Question 14. What about export shipments and international transport?
The following Series 2 procedures (2A, 2B, 2C) are recommended for consideration when evaluating packaged goods for international distribution: 2A for packages ≤ 150 lb, 2B for packages > 150 lb and 2C for cabinet furniture. Series 1 also suggests considering 2A/2B for international shipments. For 2C, the text also suggests that 3A or 3E may be considered.
Question 15. How does 1A differ from 1G? Fixed displacement or random vibration?
The two procedures are similar in scope (packages ≤ 150 lb), different in location vibration type: 1A uses fixed vibration (amplitude 25 mm peak-to-peak, frequency determined during testing), 1G uses random vibration (1.15 Grms). The text asks for the correct choice: if you want to vibrate randomly, use 1G, do not use 1A and vice versa. For packages > 150 lb, the corresponding pairs are 1B (fixed) and 1H (random). Procedure 2A allows selecting one of two vibration types.
Question 16. When is a compression test needed?
When goods can be stacked or stored during distribution. If a minimum force compression test is required for a single package, use 1C (≤ 150 lb) or 1D (> 150 lb). Procedures 2A, 2B, 3E, 3F already have a compression step in the sequence. For 2A/2B, if the goods can be stored, damage to the box that could lead to stack collapse will be counted as failed; If the goods are not stored, damaged containers can still be accepted if the product is not damaged according to the set threshold and the packaging is still in acceptable condition.
Question 17. Which procedure applies to heavy goods over 150 lb or goods on a pallet?
- Single piece > 150 lb: 1B/1H (Series 1), 1D (with compression), 2B (Series 2), or 3B Group > 200 lb if traveling LTL.
- Packages ≤ 150 lb but placed on a visible pallet/skid and weighing > 100 lb (45 kg): Series 1/2 procedures allow transfer to 1B, 1E (or 2B, 3E depending on the original procedure).
- Bulk cargo handled mechanically (racks, reusable containers): 3H.
Question 18. I need temperature testing for my packaging?
Use ISTA 7D, a test developed to evaluate the effect of external temperature on the package, applicable to temperature-controlled packaging made from any material. 7D does not rate protection against shock, vibration or compression. The shipper must determine in advance the high/low temperature limit of the product and the time allowed to exceed the limit. The 7D document notes that the 7D profiles are general simulations, not representative of worst-case conditions; ISTA also has procedure 7E for thermal packages used in shipping, so consider using 7D instead when appropriate.
Question 19. I am not sure which case applies to me. What should I provide to get advice?
- Product and packaging description (type of box, material, outer dimensions, package weight).
- Send individually or in whole pallets; Is there stacking or storage?
- Expected shipping channel (courier, LTL, FTL, international, to store).
- Is the product fragile, contains liquid, or requires temperature control?
- Your pass/fail criteria (see Question 5).
Part C. Testing process and sample submission
Question 20. How many samples must I send?
The number of samples required is low, but the standard recommends repeating the test for more representative results:
| Procedure | Required model number | Repeat recommendation |
|---|---|---|
| 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1G, 1H | 1 sample | ≥ 5 times, each time using a new sample |
| 2A, 2B, 2C | 1 sample | ≥ 5 times, each time using a new sample |
| 3A | 1 sample (fragile goods and liquids should be ≥ 2 samples) | ISTA recommends ≥ 5 times |
| 3B | 1 sample | ≥ 5 times, each time using a new sample |
| 3E | 1 sample (one unit load) | ≥ 5 times, each time using a new sample |
| 3F | 6 models | ≥ 5 times, each time using a new sample |
| 3H | 1 sample | ≥ 5 times, each time using a new sample |
| 7D | 1 sample | ≥ 3 times, each time using a new sample |
Each procedure One-time request; Repetition is recommended to properly evaluate performance, especially when packaging and products are subject to variability.
Question 21. Must the test samples be actual goods, or can substitute samples be used?
The sample should be Actual packaging and products have never been tested. If one or both are missing, the replacement must be as realistic as possible. With 7D, the replacement product needs to be similar in composition, thermal mass, state (liquid, powder, paste) and specific heat; If a refrigerant or heat stabilizer is used, it must be the same type that the shipper will use.
Question 22. How should samples be packed when sending them to the testing laboratory?
Goods that have undergone transportation are no longer considered to be in standard condition. Therefore the sample sent to a certified testing laboratory must be over-packing for protection when sending, or Repackage with new packaging at the testing room. It is recommended to take photos and describe in detail the configuration, materials and structure of the product and packaging, as small differences can cause large differences in results.
Question 23. What information should I prepare before testing?
- Damage criteria, acceptable levels, post-test product inspection and acceptable packaging condition (see Question 5).
- Information about the package: size, weight, type of goods (standard, small, flat, long, liquid, unit load…).
- Whether the goods are stored/stacked during distribution (affects compression test assessment).
- With 7D: high/low temperature limit of the product and time exceeding the allowable limit.
Question 24. What steps does a test run include?
Each sample is tested in turn according to the procedure sequence. Summary of main sequence:
| Procedure | Test sequence (summary) |
|---|---|
| 1A | Hygrothermal preconditioning (room environment) → fixed vibration 25 mm peak-to-peak → shock (drop, or tilt/horizontal impact, choose one). |
| 1G | Preconditioning → random vibration 1.15 Grms → shock. |
| 1C/1D | Preconditioning → compression → vibration (fixed or random 1.15 Grms) → shock. |
| 1E | Preconditioning → vibration (fixed or random) → impact shock → rotating edge drop shock. |
| 2A | Pre-conditioning → controlled thermo-humid conditioning → compression → vibration (fixed or random 1.15 Grms) → shock → 2nd vibration. |
| 3A | Pre-conditioning (controlled conditioning option) → 9 drops → 0.53 and 0.46 Grms random vibration (with and without crush load) → (low pressure vibration option) → 8 drops, including drops on obstacles. Flat/long packages have additional rotating edge drops, full rotation drops and impacts; 8 hour liquid leak test. |
| 3B | Pre-conditioning → (tilt/flip if applicable) → free fall → random vibration of 0.54 Grms with overburden load → additional shock test according to package type (non-rigid, long, flat). |
| 3E | Preconditioning → impact 1.2 m/s → rotating edge drop → compression → random vibration 0.54 Grms → rotating edge drop. |
| 3F | Preconditioning → compression → fall (12 and 30 in) → random vibration 0.54 Grms → fall (18 and 24 in). |
| 3H | Pre-conditioning → 0.89 m/s impact → 100 mm rotational drop → vibration (Grms according to transport mode) → impact → rotational drop → compression (optional) → long duration horizontal impact (only for rail transport). |
| 7D | Preconditioning (optional, minimum 24 hours) → temperature cycles of selected profile. |
Procedures 1B, 1H, 2B, 2C have a similar structure to groups in the same series but different test levels according to volume and type of goods. The exact parameters (drop height, compression force, vibration spectrum) are determined by the testing laboratory according to the current version of the procedure.
Question 25. What is the difference between “preconditioning” and “controlled conditioning”?
Atmospheric Preconditioning is a testing step at the temperature and humidity of the laboratory environment, required according to the certification process. Atmospheric Conditioning Subject the sample to thermal and humid conditions selected from the procedure table to simulate the expected distribution environment; This step is optional in most procedures but mandatory in 2A. Conditioning can reduce barrel strength, thereby affecting compression results.
Question 26. How is the compression force determined?
Compressible force calculate from mass, stacking height and compensating factor. With 3E, the calculated force is multiplied by 1.4 when using the “apply and release” method; The default F coefficient is 3. If another value is used, there must be a full explanation in the report. There are three permissible compression testing methods: pressurize then release, pressurize then hold, or apply load with load plate.
Question 27. What does the test report include?
The report should document the configuration, materials and construction of the product and packaging (recommended with photos), the type of vibration used for each step (e.g. in 2A when different vibrations are used in steps 4 and 6), and justification for any values or alternatives that differ from the procedure default (e.g. F-factor in 3E, non-equivalent alternatives in 3H). This is also the basis for the testing laboratory to evaluate the results according to the damage criteria that the goods owner has determined.
Question 28. What standards must the test equipment meet?
Procedure stipulates that equipment must comply with corresponding ASTM standards. For example, in ISTA 1A, the stationary vibration apparatus per ASTM D 999 (method A1 or A2) and the free fall tester per ASTM D 5276.
Question 29. Which points are not covered by the documents and need confirmation with the testing laboratory?
The procedure documents do not mention the following contents, please confirm directly with the testing laboratory:
- Cost, implementation time and quote form.
- Conditions, procedures and documents when ISTA certification is required (column “For ISTA Certification” in the sequence table indicates which steps are required/optional).
- Current procedure version and latest changes on www.ista.org.
Part D. Retailer and e-commerce projects (Series 6, 3K and 3L)
Question 30. What are Series 6, 3K and 3L?
These are all Project (see Question 3), simulates a specific distribution system instead of a general shipping channel:
- Series 6 (Member Performance Test): protocol developed by ISTA members for their own purposes. In the document there are three Projects: 6-Amazon.com-SIOC, 6-Amazon.com-Over Boxing and 6-SAMSCLUB.
- 3K: Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) in European retail chains. The original method was developed by Smithers Pira’s research project and shared with ISTA.
- 3L (Generalized E-commerce Retailer Fulfillment): e-commerce in general. The document clearly states that 3L is in the Project (test) stage and is built according to practice in the United States.
Version of each text in the document:
| Project | Version recorded in text |
|---|---|
| 3K | First released January 2011; Latest editorial change 07/2022 |
| 3L | Latest technical change 04/2023; Latest editorial change 07/2024 |
| 6-Amazon.com-SIOC | 2018 version |
| 6-Amazon.com-Over Boxing | Latest technical and editorial changes April 2018 |
| 6-SAMSCLUB | Released September 2010; Latest technical change September 2010; Latest editorial change January 2016 |
As noted in the documents, Project can be modified more frequently than Procedure. ISTA members can use both Procedure and Project to certify packaging. The document does not state the applicable status of each retailer, so please confirm the current version on www.ista.org and with the requesting party.
Question 31. Which cases does each project apply to?
| Project | Distribution system and scope |
|---|---|
| 3L | Single packages are processed by the e-commerce retailer at the fulfillment center and then delivered to the end customer by parcel or less-than-truckload (LTL). There are 9 types: Small and A to H. |
| 6-Amazon.com-SIOC | “Ships In Own Container” goods (delivered in original packaging) are sent by the supplier (Vendor) to Amazon.com’s fulfillment center and then to the end customer by parcel or LTL. There are 8 types: A to H. |
| 6-Amazon.com-Over Boxing | Single packages weighing up to 70 lb (32 kg) are packed in an over-box with dunnage material and sent by parcel. Includes single item or multiple items. |
| 6-SAMSCLUB | Goods go through Sam’s Club’s distribution system to destinations in the United States. There are 4 types: A to D. |
| 3K | Fast-moving consumer goods pass through the retailer-controlled part of the supply chain in Europe: picking, mixed loading on roll cages or mixed pallets, delivered to stores. |
Question 32. When should a project be used instead of a Series 3 procedure (3A, 3B, 3E, 3F)?
The document does not specify that Project replaces procedure. How to choose based on sales channel:
- Goods pass through the system of a specific retailer or platform, and that party requests or encourages a Project: use the corresponding Project. For example, the 6-Amazon.com-SIOC document encourages (not requires) suppliers to use this test to understand the protective performance of their packaging.
- Goods going through common shipping channels (courier, LTL, FTL, from distribution center to store): select procedure Series 3 according to Part B.
Two notes from the text: (1) 6-SAMSCLUB reminds users to note other packaging requirements of the Sam’s Club system (configuration, materials, weight and height limits). (2) 3K only simulates the part of the chain controlled by the retailer; The document states that separate unit load testing is required for full pallet shipping, and achieving 3K does not eliminate that need.
Question 33. How does 3L differ from 3A?
3A applies to single packages weighing up to 70 kg sent via courier. 3L extends to e-commerce, including LTL, pallets and TV/Monitor. Differences contrasted in the text:
| Content | 3A | 3L |
|---|---|---|
| Classification | 4 types of packages: standard, small, flat, long | 9 types (Small, A to H) according to shipping method, fulfillment center handling, volume and product group |
| Fragile product model number | 1 sample required; Recommended from 2 models for fragile goods and liquids | Required 5 samples of fragile goods; 1 fragile aviation model |
| Pre-conditioning | Ambient temperature and humidity | Laboratory environment, 12 hours |
| Turned edge drop (long, flat package) | 200 mm (8 in) | 9 in (230 mm) in Type A |
| Vibration under low pressure (optional) | Yes | Not included in the Type Small and Type A sequence tables |
| Try compression | Not included in the sequence sheet | There is horizontal compression (clamping) and vertical compression in more severe types (B, C, D, E, G, H); top-to-bottom compression in Type F |
For Small and Type A packages, the sequence structure of 3L is similar to 3A in the number of drops (9 and 8 times; Small has 9 and 7 times), vibration level of 0.53 and 0.46 Grms (with and without crushing load) and 8-hour leak test for liquid.
Question 34. How are the types of 3L and 6-Amazon.com-SIOC classified?
3L (9 types):
| Type | Shipping/handling | Volume and size | Main features of the test sequence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Small | Parcel, standard handling | 10 lb (4.5 kg) or less; longest side ≤ 14 in (350 mm); volume ≤ 800 in³ (13,000 cm³) | Dropped 9 times (not in bag), vibrated 0.53 and 0.46 Grms, dropped 7 times (in bag), leak test if liquid |
| A | Parcel, standard | Under 50 lb (23 kg); length plus perimeter ≤ 165 in (4.19 m); longest side > 14 in and ≤ 108 in (2.74 m) | Fall 9 times, vibrate 0.53 and 0.46 Grms, fall 8 times (can fall on hazard), add steps for long or flat packages, leak test if liquid |
| B | Parcel, standard | 50 to less than 100 lb (23 to 45 kg) | As Type A, add tilt/tilt (when conditioned), horizontal compression (clamp) and vertical compression hold for 1 hour |
| C | Parcel, standard | 100 to 150 lb (45 to 68 kg) | Tilt/flip (when conditioned), flat and edge rotation drop 9 in (230 mm), tilt/horizontal impact 48 in/s (1.2 m/s), horizontal compression, vertical compression held 1 hour, vibration 0.53 and 0.46 Grms, 2nd tilt/horizontal impact; long or flat package with edge rotation, full rotation fall, spherical impact (long) or concentrated edge impact (flat) |
| D | LTL, standard | Less than 100 lb (45 kg) and (length plus girth > 165 in or longest side > 108 in) | Tilt/flip (when conditioned), free fall 6 times up to 18 in (460 mm), horizontal compression, vertical compression, vibration 0.54 Grms with over load, free fall 6 times up to 32 in (810 mm); long or flat package with full rotation, spherical impact (long) or concentrated edge impact (flat) |
| E | LTL, standard | 100 lb (45 kg) or more and (length plus girth > 165 in or longest side > 108 in), or 150 lb (68 kg) or more | Tilt/flip (when conditioned), flat rotation drop and 9 in edge, impact 1.2 m/s, horizontal compression, vertical compression, vibration 0.54 Grms with over load, 2nd impact 1.2 m/s; spherical impact (long) or concentrated edge impact (flat) |
| F | LTL, whole pallet handling | Not applicable | Flat rotation drop, edge, corner 9 in., impact, top-to-bottom compression, forklift simulation, vibration 0.54 Grms |
| G | Parcel, TV/Monitor | Under 150 lb (68 kg); length plus girth ≤ 165 in; longest side ≤ 108 in | Fall 9 times (no support for packages when falling), horizontal compression (see note below), vertical compression for 1 hour, vibration 0.53 and 0.46 Grms, tilt/horizontal impact of 1.2 m/s (only packages from 100 lb), drop 8 times (can fall on hazard, no package support), concentrated edge impact |
| H | LTL, TV/Monitor | 150 lb (68 kg) or more, or length plus girth > 165 in, or longest side > 108 in | Tilt/flip (when conditioned); 6 free falls up to 18 in (460 mm) (package ≤ 100 lb); drops swivel flat and edges 9 in; 1.2 m/s tilt/horizontal impact (packages ≥ 100 lb); transverse compression (see note); Vertical compression holds 1 hour; vibration 0.54 Grms with over load; 6 free falls up to 32 in (810 mm) (package ≤ 100 lb); inclined/horizontal impact (packages ≥ 100 lb); full rotation fall; Focused edge impact, hazard box drops on screen side |
Note: Document 3L says “under 10 lb” in the Type Small sequence table title, but says “10 lb or less” in the type definition, and records the Small volume in some places as “below”, in some places “equal to or under” 800 in³. The 3L Type C sequence sheet header says “100 to 150 lb (38 kg)” while the definition says 68 kg; FAQ uses 68 kg. The Type H sequence table (both 3L and SIOC) has repetitive numbering (with two steps of 10) and places the tilt/horizontal impact after a 32-in free-fall step; FAQ listed in table order. For packages close to threshold, confirm grading with the testing laboratory. The table above is a summary; Detailed steps and application conditions are in the sequence table for each type of text.
Horizontal compression test conditions (clamp): Horizontal compression recording is required in Types B, C, D, E, G and H, but only applies to shafts with widths from 24 in (610 mm) to less than 75 in (1905 mm). Horizontal compression is not required for Type Small, Type A and Type F, and is not required for TV/Monitors under 50 lb in Type G and H. The Type G and H sequence sheet still says “Required” for this step, so read along with the notes. In Type G, transverse compression is performed with the sample in the intended transport direction.
6-Amazon.com-SIOC (8 types, A to H) uses the same classification (transportation method, handling at fulfillment center, volume, TV/Monitor group) but differs from 3L in the following points:
- There is no Type Small.
- Type C is a parcel of 100 lb (45 kg) or more (3L limit 100 to 150 lb).
- Size is calculated in “girth” according to the formula Length + 2 × (Width + Height), the same formula as “length plus circumference” of 3L.
- Type D is LTL under 100 lb or girth > 165 in; Type E is LTL of 100 lb or more or girth > 165 in.
Compare SIOC’s Type A to H sequence table with 3L’s Type A to H: number of steps, test levels and application conditions are the same; The difference is only in the above classification and recording method (SIOC uses “girth”, 3L uses “length plus circumference”). The SIOC horizontal compression note is the same as the 3L, except that the SIOC does not have Type Small.
Question 35. When is 6-Amazon.com-Over Boxing used and what does it test?
Used for single packages weighing up to 70 lb (32 kg) Packed in an over-box, with or without padding (airbag, kraft paper), sent by parcel. Orders can be one or more items.
Model number depends on sample volume, order configuration and type of goods (fragile goods including liquids):
| Configuration | < 15 lb (6.80 kg)Not fragile | < 15 lb (6.80 kg) Fragile | ≥ 15 lb (6.80 kg)Not fragile | ≥ 15 lb (6.80 kg) Fragile |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| One item | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Many items | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Total number of samples | 2 | 5 | 1 | 5 |
The number “0” in the box for multiple items of 15 lb or more is the value listed in the text’s table; The text does not explain further in the sample section, so please ask the laboratory if this happens.
Test sequence: environmental pre-conditioning; controlled air conditioning (optional); fell 9 times; random vibration 0.53 Grms; fell 8 times; 8 hour leak test (liquids only).
Criteria not met (applies to test samples, does not apply to hazard products, dunnage materials and outer cartons): the product is no longer fully functional for its intended use; there is a leak; the anti-opening seal is broken; Secondary packaging is considered a part of the product that is severely damaged, dented or scratched.
Text required Take photos to supplement the configuration description, including before-test, during-test, and post-test photos.
Question 36. Which types does 6-SAMSCLUB include, and do shipments from Vietnam use the “domestic” or “international” level?
6-SAMSCLUB is divided into four types: A (not easily damaged by temperature/humidity, initially sent on pallets; there are two branches depending on the amount of goods delivered to each store), B (not easily damaged, stacked straight on the floor, large type), C (like B but small), D (perishable goods such as food, drinks, fresh flowers, initially sent on pallets).
Large type (Type B) is a package that meets one of three conditions: weighs at least 50 lb (23 kg); longest side from 24 in (610 mm), next side from 20 in (510 mm) and shortest side from 20 in (510 mm); or any side from 30 in (760 mm). Unsatisfactory packages are small type (Type C).
Definition text domestic shipment is a lot whose initial point of origin is within the United States and international shipment is a batch whose original origin is outside the United States. According to this definition, goods originating from Vietnam belong to the international group and use the test level “int’l”.
| Type | Main testing levels (domestic / international) |
|---|---|
| A | Impact of 42 in/s (1.1 m/s) on 4 vertical faces of the pallet block; 6 in (150 mm) / 8 in (200 mm) flat swivel drop for entire pallet; Top-to-bottom compression holds 1 hour; random vibration 0.46 Grms for 3 hours; 4 in (100 mm) / 6 in (150 mm) side swivel drop; pushed with 40 in (1 m) forklift blade in 2 to 3 seconds (custom pallets only). If the quantity delivered to the store is not a whole pallet: test on 3 samples taken from the upper, middle and lower layers, including falling bottom directions 15 in (380 mm) / 18 in (460 mm) each sample 3 times, stack vibration 0.55 Grms for 1 hour (some situations), concentrated edge impact (flat packages) and spherical impact (long packages) 12 in (300 mm) / 15 in (380 mm). |
| B | Impact 42 in/s (1.1 m/s) on 4 or 6 faces; 7 in (180 mm) / 9 in (230 mm) flat swivel drop; Vertical compression holds 1 hour; random vibration 0.46 Grms for 3 hours with overburden load 0.0035 lb/in³ (96 kg/m³); 5 in (130 mm) / 7 in (180 mm) side swivel drop; horizontal compression (some situations); Concentrated edge impact and spherical impact for flat and long packages. |
| C | 6 drops up to 14 in (360 mm) / 18 in (460 mm); Vertical compression holds 1 hour; random vibration 0.46 Grms for 3 hours with overload; 6 drops up to 26 in (660 mm) / 32 in (810 mm); horizontal compression (some situations); Concentrated edge impact and spherical impact for flat and long packages. |
| D | Air conditioning at cool, cold or freezing temperatures; 4 in (100 mm) / 6 in (150 mm) side swivel drop for entire pallet; top-to-bottom compression hold for 30 seconds then release; Select 3 samples from inside the block, falling 15 in / 18 in bottom directions, 3 times each. No vibration testing required. |
The required sample number is 1 sample; When testing multiple identical samples, all must pass every step. With cases placed on pallets or unit loads, it may be necessary to take each case or each unit from the block for further testing. The document requires the requesting party to provide information such as the quantity of goods delivered to each store, type of pallet, initial shipment configuration and approved container loading diagram.
Question 37. What does Project 3K test and how many samples are needed?
3K applies to fast-moving consumer goods sold through large retail chains in Europe, where retailers collect mixed loads on roll cages or mixed pallets. “Sample” in 3K is one package (a collection of primary packaging, for example a 24-can beverage shrink wrap tray). The document classifies four package types according to how they are held: Type 1 is one-handed, closed-end, ≤ 4.5 kg and one main size ≤ 120 mm; Type 2 holds two hands, closed head; Type 3 one-handed, open-ended, ≤ 7 kg; Type 4 holds two hands, open end, > 7 kg.
Model Number: Need many similar samples. How to estimate: count the number of samples needed to lay a block of at least 0.8 m × 0.8 m × 1.6 m without significant gaps, then multiply by 2. For example, a sample of 0.4 m × 0.4 m × 0.2 m requires 16 samples to lay the block, so a total of 32 samples are needed. Samples are divided into three groups: test package (TP), simulation package (DP) and roll cage filling package (RCF); Only the test pack and the pack that fills the roll cage are evaluated as pass/fail, and when multiple identical test packs are used, all must pass every step.
Test sequence:
| Group | Content |
|---|---|
| Pre-conditioning | Environmental, frozen or refrigerated, choose according to distribution and sales channels |
| Packaging level (picking) | Pyramid pick 5 minutes; pull 900 mm at a speed of 1.0 m/s; Hold the bag for 10 seconds of static plus 5 cycles of oscillation |
| Package level impact | Placement drop 5 times in all directions, 150 mm; 150 mm drop-on; 8 impacts at 1.35 m/s (optional) |
| Mixed loading | Impact 4 times at 0.91 m/s; random vibration 0.28 Grms for 40 minutes then 0.517 Grms for 60 seconds; falls flat once from 60 mm |
| After mixed loading | Drop set 4 times, 150 mm; 4-drop, 300 mm and 300 mm drop-on (recommended, optional); Evaluate test packs and roll cage fill packs |
If 300 mm drops are not made, this shall be clearly stated in the test report.
Question 38. How many samples does each project require?
| Correct | Sample number according to text |
|---|---|
| 3A (comparison) | 1 sample; Recommended from 2 models for fragile goods and liquids |
| 3L | Fragile goods: 5 models. Non-fragile goods: 1 sample. TV/Monitor is considered non-fragile. When testing multiple identical samples, all must pass every step. If in doubt about the classification, the sample size should be increased and discussed with relevant parties. |
| 6-Amazon.com-SIOC | Fragile goods: 5 models. Non-fragile goods: 1 sample. TV/Monitor is considered non-fragile. All samples must pass every step. |
| 6-Amazon.com-Over Boxing | According to the table in Question 35: total 2 / 5 / 1 / 5 samples depending on volume and type of goods. |
| 6-SAMSCLUB | 1 model; When testing multiple identical samples, all must pass every step. |
| 3K | Estimate by the number of samples to build a block of 0.8 × 0.8 × 1.6 m and then multiply by 2 (see Question 37). |
For 3L, 6-Amazon.com-SIOC and 6-SAMSCLUB, the literature recommends performing the entire procedure 5 or more times using a new sample each time. Samples should be real products; Hand-made models, CAD-built one-piece models or short series are often not representative enough (3L, SIOC, 6-SAMSCLUB).
Question 39. How does the definition of fragile products differ between standards?
| Correct | Definition of fragile goods | Fragile product model number |
|---|---|---|
| 3A | Items that break easily when dropped without protective packaging, for example glass, ceramic, porcelain, clay, electronics. Fluid is defined separately. | 1 required; recommendation from 2 |
| 6-Amazon.com-Over Boxing | Liquids and objects that break easily when dropped without protective packaging, for example glass, ceramic, porcelain, clay, electronics. | According to table Question 35 (total of 5 samples in fragile cells) |
| 6-Amazon.com-SIOC | Items that are fragile or leaky when distributed, including any item containing glass, ceramic, porcelain, clay, or a liquid, semi-liquid, or solid that can liquefy at temperatures above 70 °F. The TV/Monitor is classified as non-fragile. | 5 |
| 3L | Same definition as SIOC. Additionally, products containing 25% or more fragile materials are often classified as fragile. When in doubt, increase the sample size and discuss with relevant parties. The document states that fragile goods have a higher risk of damage and can spread to neighboring packages (e.g. a leak from one package damages up to 10 surrounding packages). | 5 |
| 6-SAMSCLUB, 3K | There is no separate “fragile” classification in the text. | 1 (6-SAMSCLUB); according to formula (3K) |
Practical consequences: 3A and Over Boxing list electronics as fragile items, while SIOC and 3L do not list electronics in the category and classify TV/Monitor as non-fragile. For electronic products, confirm classification with the retailer and testing laboratory before submitting samples.
Question 40. What should be noted when testing under a retailer’s project?
- Damage criteria are agreed upon by relevant parties. 3L states the shipper, manufacturer, retailer and related parties; 6-SAMSCLUB adds Sam’s Club buyers; Over Boxing names the shipper and Amazon.com.
- Provide configuration information. The documents require information such as initial shipment configuration, approved container stacking diagram, shipment details in the distribution system, and typical atmospheric conditions (6-SAMSCLUB also needs the quantity delivered to each store and the type of pallet).
- Dangerous goods. Dangerous goods packaging that meets these projects does not necessarily meet international and national regulations on transporting dangerous goods; Testing does not replace United Nations testing standards or other mandatory standards.
- Send samples to the testing laboratory. Must be over-packed or repackaged in new packaging at the testing laboratory (as in Question 22).
- Paper weight (basis weight). With corrugated cartons, paper weight should be determined and recorded; If the nominal quantity changes, retesting is recommended.
- Update version. Project can be modified frequently; Always check for the current version (see Question 30).
